Commissioned by the Yongle emperor, a large Ming fleet under Zheng He sailed through established South and Southeast Asian maritime networks to Calicut, exchanging envoys and gifts, conducting trade, and asserting imperial authority before returning to China.
The Chinese Buddhist monk Faxian travelled overland through Central Asia into northern India in search of authoritative monastic texts, studied at major Buddhist centres, and returned to China by merchant ships through Sri Lanka and Java.
Sources and further reading
Zheng He, The Mariners’ Museum and Park. Biographical overview and chronology of the first voyage, including Southeast Asian ports and Calicut.
The Ming Voyages, Asia for Educators, Columbia University. Historical context, purposes, fleet organization, and the maritime route through Champa, Java, Malacca, and Calicut.